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Foundations

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Foundations Importance of Foundation to Buildings The foundation •Provides Anchorage for the building •carries the load of the building and better transmits it to the soil of better bearing capacity. •provides a wide surface area to spread the load evenly across soil that can support the load. Types of Foundation Soil The choice of foundation depends among other factors on the type of soil in which the foundation is to be constructed. •Rock - This is a very hard foundation soil, this kind of soil has a high load bearing capacity. It can support strip foundation for a load bearing wall and a pad foundation for isolated loads as those transmitted by columns and similar components. •Clay - Stiff; suitable for pad foundation and strip foundation. The depth of the foundation should be taken to a depth where it will not be affected by swelling and shrinkage which sometimes occurs in clay soil. • Gravel and Sand - Compact; suitable for pad foundation and strip foundations. • S
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FLOORS

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Archbaheez ---------- Forwarded message ---------- From: Baheez < archbaheez@gmail.com > Date: Mar 29, 2017 7:11 PM Subject: FLOORS To: archbaheez Cc: > A floor is a horizontally constructed structure which serves many purposes. > > Without floors a building is definitely incomplete because floors are the main components of a building as discussed in previous posts. > > FUNCTIONS OF FLOORS > > thermal resistance - designed to resist heat penetration. > > Stability: stable enough to its own self weight and live loads. > > TYPES OF GROUND FLOORS > > Solid concrete ground floor > Suspended timber ground floor > > Method of constructing Ground > floors > > - Continuous layer of concrete (150mm thick is spread over the sides of the building in external walls. > > -Concrete is laid on 100-150mm thick hardcore, the mix is 1:2:4 or 1:3:6. > > Damp proof course is provided to hinder moisture penetration into walls. >
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EARTHWORK SUPPORT

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Good day to you For earthwork support; It is important to access how long an excavation can safely remain open without aid for the sides. If the weather is very dry, then the lack of moisture may cause the soil to shrink, crack before falling in. Generally the looser the soil the more it needs to be supported. If the soil is very wet, then the aides pf tge excavation may become unatable. In both cases it is advisable and better to provide temporary supports to the sides of the excavation. Excavation on a confined site may also need support in case heavy loads are placed or driven to close the edges of the excavation. Earthwork support retain the size of excavation collapsed during the time the excavation will remain open. The process of providing temporary support to the sides of an excavation is referred to as TIMBERING. It is sometime planking and strutting. Timbering is done to; • Protect the operatives while working in excavation. • Keep the excavation open by acting as a ret
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METHODS OF EXCAVATION

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DEFINITION: Excavation is done in order to receive the foundation that would be constructed for the building. And this is only done after the setting and marking out. Excavation can be done using two methods: • Manual Method • Mechanical Method The choice of the method of excavation depends on the size of work. In a case of small construction project, it is more economical to use the manual method, while large works will be economical to be effectively executed using the mechanical method of excavation. TOOLS USED IN MANUAL METHOD OF EXCAVATION. • Pick-axes: for digging up the soil • Shovels: to remove the soil been dug • Spade: to level the bottom of the excavation and for loading onto a wheelbarrow • Wheelbarrows to convey or cart away the excavated soil from the excavation area. These are just majorly used tools. EQUIPMENTS USED IN MECHANICAL EXCAVATION. The mechanical method of excavation involves the use of mechanical plants which are capable of multi-tasking. Exampl
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Setting Out Of Buildings

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Setting out is the transfer of information on the building drawings to the ground with degree of accuracy. When the site clearance is completed the setting out of the work may commence. It is compulsory to have a good knowledge of geometry in order to ensure accurate work without disabilities.  The first task in setting out a building is to establish a baseline from which the whole of the building can be set out.  The building position of this line must be marked on the site, so that it can be properly re-established at any given point in time.  The building line is frequently determined by the highway authority / officials, and in urban areas... It is often EIGHT METERS from the back of the public foot path. If other buildings have been erected at the area the building line can be determined from these existing buildings.  After the base line has been established, marked and checked properly , the main lines of the buildings can be set out, each corner being marked wit
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Site Organization And Layout

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Site Organization: The building site can be considered a temporary factory, where the building is produced this activity to take place the builder requires men, materials and plants. All these have to be carefully controlled so that the men have the right machine is the most adequate positions, the materials stored so that they are readily available and not interfering with the general site circulation a building and the total size of the site on which the building is to be erected. Therefore is no standard size ratio between the free site spaces required considered as a separation problem in terms of allocating spaces for men, plant and and materials. To obtain maximum efficiency, there is an optimum way of laying out the site and also correct amount of expenditure to support the proposed site layout. Any planned layout should be reviewed periodically and adjusted to suit the changing needs of the site activities. A careful consideration of planning and control of this aspect o
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Preliminary site activities- Provision Of Facilities

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Provision of offices on site is a decent preparatory (preliminary) site action. PROVISION OF FACILITIES ON SITE Site Accommodation: Here, the laborers on the site put on something else(clothes), take rest amid breaks from works furthermore have their dinners. Site accommodation and comparative offices given on a site relies on upon the quantity of laborers on the site. Units of settlement more often than not come in two structure. • Sectional Timber Hut • Mobile Caravans or Cabins Sectional Timber Huts: Are pre-assembled for simplicity of amassing and dismantling to encourage the re-use on various locales. Cabins of this nature ought to be outlined, built and kept up with the same consideration as that of a lasting working, to guarantee their utilization for a long time on different quantities of various development site. A very much planned sectional cabin ought to allow/permit the consideration of more narrows to expand the measured size by length and/or Width. Th
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